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Pivotal Words and Comprehensions

Words that guide…


Pivotal words and comprehensions help to clarify and guide a reader to different ideas and parts of sentences. They help connect one phrase to the next and direct your attention. There are many groups of pivotal words and comprehension behind the word groupings. Each group says a different thing, so once you master them, you'll be able to use them correctly in your work to guide your reader along, as well as become a better reader yourself!

Additive Words
These words say:
"Hold on a second! We have something else to add that is just as important as what has already been said!"
  • Also
  • And
  • Besides
  • Further
  • In addition
  • Furthermore
  • Moreover
  • Too


Equivalent Words
These words say:
"It does what I have just covered, but it includes this too!"
  • As well as
  • Equally important
  • At the same time
  • Likewise
  • Similarly


Amplification Words
These words say:
"To help you understand my ideas, I'm going to give you a specific instance."
  • For example (e.g.)
  • For instance
  • Specifically
  • Such as
  • Like
  • As


Alternative Words
These words say:
"Sometimes there may be a choice, other times there isn't one available"
  • Either/or
  • Neither/nor
  • Other than
  • Otherwise


Repetitive Words
These words say:
"I've said this already, but I'll say it again in case you missed my point."
  • Again
  • To repeat
  • In other words
  • That is (i.e.)


Contrast and Change Words
These words say:
"Up to this point I've only given you one side, here's the other!"
  • Despite
  • However
  • Nevertheless
  • Regardless
  • In spite of
  • On the contrary
  • Whereas
  • Still
  • On the other hand
  • Instead of
  • Rather than
  • Even though
  • Notwithstanding
  • Though
  • Yet
  • Despite


Cause and Effect Words
These words say:
"All of this has happened, I'm about to tell you why."
  • Accordingly
  • So
  • Thus
  • Consequently
  • Hence
  • Therefore
  • For this reason
  • Since
  • Then
  • Because
  • Accordingly

Image Credit: Patti Haskins, Pivotal Words


  1. sufi saidThu, 13 Nov 2008 14:35:17 -0000 ( Link )

    very helpful lesson.

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